Seattle Glossary and Reference Guide to 3D Printing Terminology and Concepts

Glossary of 3D Printing Terms [29]

O Object Duplication Object duplication is the process of replicating a 3D model multiple times within the build volume. It maximizes productivity and reduces print time for batch manufacturing or assembly kits. Advanced slicing software allows array duplication, grid layouts, or staggered arrangements for efficient space utilization. Object duplication requires careful consideration of cooling, support requirements, and print stability. Proper duplication settings optimize print speed, material usage, and part consistency. It is widely used in prototyping, small-scale manufacturing, and educational projects.
Object File Format An object file format is a digital representation of a 3D model, containing information about geometry, texture, and material properties. Common formats include STL, OBJ, 3MF, and AMF. These files are essential for 3D printing as they define the model's shape, dimensions, and surface details. OBJ files support complex geometries and textures, while STL is widely used for its simplicity and compatibility. 3MF is preferred for multi-material and color printing due to its advanced metadata support. Proper file formatting ensures accurate slicing, printability, and dimensional accuracy.
Object Nesting Object nesting is the arrangement of multiple models within the build volume to maximize space utilization and minimize material waste. It is essential in powder bed fusion and resin-based 3D printing for efficient batch production. Advanced nesting algorithms automatically position parts for optimal packing density while considering thermal distribution and support requirements. Proper object nesting reduces print time, material costs, and energy consumption. It enhances productivity and scalability, particularly in industrial manufacturing and mass customization.
Object Optimization Object optimization is the process of refining a 3D model to enhance printability, reduce material usage, and improve mechanical properties. It involves modifying geometry, reducing polygon count, and optimizing support structures. Advanced CAD and slicing software use algorithms to analyze and optimize designs for strength, weight, and thermal performance. Techniques such as lattice structures, topology optimization, and infill adjustments enhance efficiency and functionality. Proper object optimization ensures reliable prints, faster production, and cost-effective material consumption, especially for complex or large-scale models.
Object Orientation Object orientation is the alignment of a 3D model on the print bed, affecting surface quality, strength, and support requirements. Proper orientation minimizes overhangs, optimizes layer adhesion, and enhances structural integrity. Horizontal orientation improves surface finish, while vertical alignment maximizes strength along the layer lines. Advanced slicing software provides automatic orientation suggestions based on model geometry and print settings. Correct object orientation reduces print time, material waste, and post-processing requirements, ensuring high-quality prints.
Object Placement Object placement is the process of positioning 3D models within the printer's build volume for optimal printability and efficiency. Proper placement minimizes support structures, reduces print time, and enhances surface quality. It involves rotating, scaling, and arranging objects to maximize space utilization. Advanced slicing software offers automated object placement algorithms, considering factors like layer adhesion, stability, and cooling. Efficient object placement reduces material waste and ensures reliable prints. It is especially important when printing multiple parts or large models.
Object Scaling Object scaling adjusts the size of a 3D model to fit the print bed, achieve desired dimensions, or maintain proportionate features. Scaling can be uniform (equal change in all dimensions) or non-uniform (independent adjustment of length, width, or height). Proper scaling ensures dimensional accuracy, structural integrity, and printability. Slicing software allows precise scaling adjustments, maintaining aspect ratios or customizing dimensions. Careful consideration of wall thickness, support requirements, and layer height is essential for successful scaling.
Object Shell Thickness Object shell thickness is the outer wall thickness of a 3D printed part, influencing strength, surface finish, and print time. Thicker shells enhance durability and impact resistance, while thinner shells reduce material usage and weight. Shell thickness is adjusted in slicing software by setting the number of perimeter walls. Proper shell configuration prevents warping, layer separation, and under-extrusion. It is crucial for functional parts, load-bearing components, and watertight enclosures. Optimizing shell thickness balances strength, weight, and print efficiency.
Octet Truss Structure An octet truss structure is a lightweight, high-strength lattice design used in 3D printing to enhance mechanical properties and reduce material usage. It consists of interconnected tetrahedral and octahedral units, providing excellent load distribution and rigidity. This structure is commonly used in aerospace, automotive, and biomedical applications for lightweight components with superior strength-to-weight ratios. Advanced slicing software enables customization of truss patterns, densities, and orientations. Proper octet truss design enhances impact resistance, thermal performance, and structural integrity.
Offset Calibration Offset calibration adjusts the alignment between the nozzle and build plate or between multiple nozzles in multi-extruder printers. It ensures accurate layer deposition, precise color registration, and clean material transitions. Offset calibration involves setting X, Y, and Z offsets to synchronize nozzle movements. Advanced printers use automatic bed leveling and offset sensors for accurate calibration. Incorrect offsets cause misalignment, poor layer adhesion, or color bleeding. Regular offset calibration maintains high-quality multi-material prints with sharp details and accurate dimensions.
Offset Printing Offset printing in 3D printing refers to the intentional shifting of layers or features to achieve unique design effects or functional adjustments. It is used for fitting parts, creating tolerances, or enhancing aesthetics. Offset printing is controlled through slicing software by adjusting layer offsets or modifying toolpaths. It is particularly useful in producing interlocking parts, snap-fit designs, and multi-material assemblies. Careful calibration ensures dimensional accuracy and consistent layer bonding. Offset printing expands design possibilities and functional customization.
On-Demand Manufacturing On-demand manufacturing, also known as just-in-time production, involves producing parts only when needed, reducing inventory costs and waste. 3D printing facilitates on-demand manufacturing with its rapid prototyping and customization capabilities. Industries like aerospace, automotive, and healthcare use this model for spare parts, prototypes, and personalized products. It enables efficient supply chain management, localized production, and faster time-to-market. Digital inventories and cloud-based platforms streamline order processing and production scheduling. On-demand manufacturing revolutionizes traditional manufacturing by enhancing flexibility and reducing lead times.
Oozing Oozing is the unwanted extrusion of filament during non-print moves, resulting in stringing or blobs on the printed model. It is caused by improper retraction settings, nozzle temperature, or filament viscosity. Calibrating retraction distance, speed, and temperature minimizes oozing. Direct drive extruders require less retraction than Bowden setups. Advanced slicing software includes anti-oozing features like coasting, wipe, and retraction optimization. Proper oozing control improves surface finish, dimensional accuracy, and overall print quality.
Opaque Filament Opaque filaments are non-transparent materials used in 3D printing to create solid, color-rich parts. They provide excellent color consistency and UV resistance, making them ideal for decorative objects, functional prototypes, and consumer products. Common opaque filaments include PLA, ABS, PETG, and Nylon. Opaque filaments enhance surface finish and hide internal structures, unlike transparent or translucent counterparts. Proper print settings, including temperature, speed, and cooling, optimize layer bonding and color uniformity. Opaque filaments are popular for aesthetic and functional applications.
Open Source 3D Printer Open-source 3D printers are designed with publicly accessible hardware and software, encouraging community-driven innovation and customization. These printers are popular among makers, educators, and researchers for their affordability and flexibility. Users can modify components, firmware, and software to suit specific needs. Open-source platforms like RepRap and Prusa have extensive ecosystems of upgrades, accessories, and support communities. This approach accelerates technological advancement and democratizes access to 3D printing. Open-source designs are ideal for prototyping, education, and personal projects.
Open-Cell Infill Open-cell infill is a lightweight internal structure used in 3D printing to reduce material usage and weight while maintaining strength. It consists of interconnected voids or cavities, providing a balance between rigidity and flexibility. Open-cell infill is ideal for functional parts, aerospace components, and medical implants due to its high strength-to-weight ratio. Advanced slicing software allows customization of cell patterns, densities, and orientations for optimized mechanical properties. Proper open-cell infill design enhances impact resistance, shock absorption, and thermal insulation.
Open-Loop Control Open-loop control is a system in which the 3D printer operates without feedback, relying solely on pre-programmed instructions. It controls movement, extrusion, and temperature but cannot correct errors in real-time, such as missed steps or filament jams. Open-loop systems are simpler and more cost-effective but less accurate than closed-loop systems. They are commonly used in entry-level and mid-range 3D printers. Proper calibration and maintenance are essential for reliable performance. Advanced printers use closed-loop systems for enhanced precision and error correction.
Open-Source Firmware Open-source firmware is the control software for 3D printers, allowing users to modify and customize settings for enhanced functionality. Popular examples include Marlin, Klipper, and Repetier. Open-source firmware provides flexibility in hardware compatibility, motion control, and user interface customization. It enables features like auto bed leveling, sensor integration, and advanced printing algorithms. The open-source community continuously improves firmware through updates and bug fixes. Users can optimize print quality, speed, and reliability by fine-tuning firmware parameters.
Open-Source Slicer An open-source slicer is a software application that converts 3D models into G-code instructions for 3D printers. Examples include Cura, PrusaSlicer, and Slic3r. Open-source slicers offer customization, community-driven updates, and support for a wide range of printers and filaments. They provide advanced features like multi-material slicing, variable layer height, and adaptive infill. Users can modify source code for personalized settings and enhanced functionality. Open-source slicers promote innovation, accessibility, and flexibility in 3D printing workflows.
Operating Temperature Range Operating temperature range defines the optimal printing temperatures for specific filaments, ensuring proper melting, layer adhesion, and mechanical properties. Different materials require specific temperature ranges—PLA (180-220°C), ABS (220-250°C), and Nylon (240-280°C). Incorrect temperature settings cause print defects like under-extrusion, warping, or layer delamination. Advanced 3D printers feature temperature control systems for consistent extrusion. Multi-material printers adjust temperatures dynamically for each nozzle. Adhering to the recommended temperature range enhances print quality, strength, and surface finish.
Optical 3D Printing Optical 3D printing uses light-based technologies, such as stereolithography (SLA) and digital light processing (DLP), to cure photopolymer resins layer by layer. It provides high resolution, smooth surfaces, and intricate details. Optical 3D printing is widely used in jewelry, dental models, and microfluidics. It utilizes UV or laser light to solidify resin with precise control over layer thickness. Advanced optical systems enable multi-material and color printing. Proper calibration of exposure time, layer height, and support structures ensures high-quality prints with accurate dimensions.
Optical Clarity Optical clarity refers to the transparency and light transmission quality of 3D printed parts. It is crucial for lenses, light guides, and transparent enclosures. Optical clarity depends on material choice (e.g., clear resins, PETG) and print settings, including layer height, speed, and cooling. Post-processing techniques like sanding, polishing, and resin coating enhance clarity and surface smoothness. Proper calibration of exposure time and layer bonding improves optical performance. Mastering optical clarity enables high-quality transparent prints for functional and aesthetic applications.
Orientation Optimization Orientation optimization is the strategic alignment of a 3D model on the print bed to enhance strength, surface finish, and print efficiency. It reduces support requirements, minimizes overhangs, and improves layer adhesion. Optimal orientation also affects mechanical properties, with vertical alignment enhancing tensile strength along layer lines. Advanced slicing software provides automatic orientation suggestions based on geometry, weight distribution, and cooling requirements. Proper orientation optimization reduces post-processing, material usage, and print time, ensuring high-quality results.
Oscillation Compensation Oscillation compensation adjusts motion control settings to minimize vibrations and ringing artifacts caused by rapid direction changes in 3D printing. It enhances print accuracy, surface finish, and dimensional stability. Advanced firmware and slicers feature oscillation compensation algorithms to optimize acceleration, jerk, and speed settings. Direct drive extruders and rigid frame designs further reduce oscillation. Proper oscillation compensation ensures smoother curves, sharp corners, and consistent layer lines, especially at high printing speeds.
Over-Extrusion Over-extrusion occurs when the printer deposits more filament than required, leading to visible blobs, layer inconsistencies, and dimensional inaccuracies. It is caused by incorrect flow rate, nozzle diameter, or temperature settings. Calibrating extrusion multipliers, flow rate, and retraction settings resolves over-extrusion issues. Advanced slicing software detects and compensates for over-extrusion by adjusting toolpaths and speed. Regular nozzle maintenance and using high-quality filaments also prevent over-extrusion. Proper extrusion control ensures smooth surfaces and precise dimensions.
Overhang An overhang in 3D printing is any part of the model that extends horizontally without direct support underneath. Printing overhangs requires precise cooling, layer adhesion, and support structures to prevent sagging or deformation. The maximum angle for unsupported overhangs is typically 45 degrees, but this varies by material and print settings. Advanced slicing software automatically generates support structures for complex overhangs. Optimizing print speed, temperature, and cooling improves overhang quality. Mastering overhangs enables intricate designs and reduces post-processing needs.
Overhang Angle Overhang angle is the degree at which a model extends horizontally without support. In 3D printing, angles above 45 degrees typically require support structures to prevent sagging or deformation. Proper overhang angle management enhances surface finish, dimensional accuracy, and structural stability. Advanced slicing software detects overhangs and generates optimal support configurations. Adjusting print speed, cooling, and layer height improves overhang performance. Mastering overhang angles enables complex designs with minimal support, reducing post-processing and material waste.
Overlapping Geometry Overlapping geometry occurs when two or more parts of a 3D model intersect or occupy the same space, leading to slicing errors or print defects. It results in incorrect toolpaths, over-extrusion, or voids. Repairing overlapping geometry involves merging vertices, removing duplicate faces, or Boolean operations in 3D modeling software. Advanced slicing software detects and corrects overlapping issues automatically. Ensuring clean geometry improves slicing accuracy, print stability, and structural integrity. Proper model validation and repair prevent print failures and material waste.
Overlapping Shells Overlapping shells occur when adjacent layers or contours overlap excessively, leading to over-extrusion, uneven surfaces, or weak joints. It is caused by incorrect wall thickness, flow rate, or nozzle diameter settings. Repairing overlapping shells involves adjusting extrusion width, wall count, and print speed. Advanced slicing software automatically detects and corrects overlapping shells. Proper shell alignment ensures smooth surfaces, accurate dimensions, and strong layer bonding. Mastering shell configuration enhances print quality and structural integrity.